Chinese nationalism

A political ideology emphasizing China’s national identity, unity, sovereignty, and interests. It encompasses competing views of who belongs to the nation and how it should be governed.

First Sino-Japanese War: A war fought from 1894 to 1895 between Qing China and Japan over influence in Korea. China’s defeat intensified debates about national weakness, reform, and survival.
Chinese civilization: The long-lived cultural and institutional traditions associated with China and its historical communities. Civilizational continuity provides one account of what national identity preserves.
Chinese liberalism: A tradition in Chinese political thought advocating individual rights, constitutional government, and limits on state power. It offers a competing answer to how national strength and political freedom should coexist.
Republic of China: A state founded in 1912 after the Qing dynasty fell, now governing Taiwan and several outlying islands. Its founders sought to replace dynastic rule with a modern Chinese nation-state.
Hundred Days' Reform: A 1898 attempt by the Qing court to reform China’s institutions, education, and military. Its failure sharpened disputes over whether the dynasty could defend and renew China.
Zhonghua minzu: A modern political concept describing the peoples of China as a single Chinese nation. It offers an inclusive national framework while leaving membership and difference contested.
Chinese anarchism: A current of Chinese political thought that rejects coercive state authority in favor of stateless social organization. Its opposition to centralized rule challenges nationalism’s frequent emphasis on a strong state.
People's Republic of China: A state established in 1949 and governed by the Chinese Communist Party. Its founding joined communist revolution to claims of national unification and sovereignty.
Boxer Rebellion: An anti-foreign uprising in northern China from 1899 to 1901, suppressed by an international military coalition. The uprising exposed the costs and competing meanings of resistance to foreign power.
Chinese sovereignty: China’s claim to supreme political authority over its territory and freedom from external control. Sovereignty is a central measure of national independence and unity.

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