Chinese Revolution

The prolonged struggle that overthrew China’s imperial dynasty in 1911 and culminated in the Communist victory and founding of the People’s Republic in 1949.

Xinhai Revolution: The 1911 uprising that ended the Qing dynasty and established the Republic of China. It began the revolutionary process by bringing imperial rule to an end.
Qing dynasty: China’s last imperial dynasty, which ruled from 1644 until 1912. Its collapse marks the first decisive break in this revolutionary process.
Sun Yat-sen: A Chinese revolutionary and political leader who helped overthrow the Qing dynasty and founded the Republic of China’s revolutionary tradition. His republican movement supplied an early political program for revolution.
Republic of China: A state founded in 1912 after the Qing dynasty fell, later based in Taiwan. The republic replaced imperial government but lost mainland control in 1949.
Warlord Era: A period of fragmented military rule in China, usually dated from 1916 to 1928. The republic’s weakness after 1911 left power divided among regional commanders.
Taiping Rebellion: A massive civil war in southern China from 1850 to 1864, led by the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace. Its devastation exposed Qing weakness decades before the 1911 revolution.
Yuan Shikai: A Qing military commander who became president of the Republic of China and briefly attempted to restore monarchy. His rule exposed the republic’s fragility after the dynasty fell.
People's Republic of China: A state founded on the Chinese mainland in 1949 under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party. Its founding is the revolution’s culminating political outcome.
Northern Expedition: A Nationalist military campaign from 1926 to 1928 that reunified much of China under the Kuomintang. Its nominal reunification preceded the rupture between Nationalists and Communists.
Opium Wars: Two nineteenth-century conflicts in which Britain, and later other powers, forced China to accept unequal treaties. Foreign defeats and treaty concessions damaged Qing legitimacy.

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