Cimmerians

The Cimmerians were an ancient Iranian-speaking nomadic people who lived north of the Black Sea and raided Anatolia during the eighth and seventh centuries BCE.

Pontic–Caspian steppe: A vast grassland region stretching north of the Black and Caspian seas. This steppe was the Cimmerians’ homeland before their westward and southern movements.
Gordion: An ancient city in central Anatolia that served as the capital of Phrygia. Its destruction is traditionally linked to the Cimmerian attack that ended Phrygian rule.
Neo-Assyrian Empire: A Mesopotamian empire that dominated much of the Near East from the tenth to seventh centuries BCE. Assyrian royal inscriptions are a major written source for Cimmerian campaigns.
Cimmerian language: The unattested language or languages spoken by the ancient Cimmerians. No substantial Cimmerian texts survive, leaving their linguistic classification indirect.
Scythians: Iranian-speaking nomadic peoples who dominated much of the Eurasian steppe in the first millennium BCE. Scythian expansion is associated with the Cimmerians’ displacement from the steppe.
Sardis: The capital of Lydia, located near the western end of the Anatolian plateau. A Cimmerian attack reportedly captured the city’s lower town during the reign of Gyges.
Herodotus: A Greek historian of the fifth century BCE whose work describes events and peoples of the ancient world. His account associates the Cimmerians with the early history of the Black Sea region.
Cimmerian archaeology: The study of material remains that may be associated with the ancient Cimmerians. Objects attributed to Cimmerians are hard to distinguish securely from those of neighboring steppe peoples.
Urartu: An Iron Age kingdom centered in the Armenian highlands, active from the ninth to sixth centuries BCE. Cimmerian incursions brought them into conflict with this powerful neighbor.
Gyges of Lydia: A Lydian king who ruled in the seventh century BCE and founded the Mermnad dynasty. Assyrian records describe his appeals for help against Cimmerian pressure.

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ScythiaRelated: Ancient sources place them in lands later associated with Scythians.