Cinder cone

A steep-sided volcanic cone formed as loose cinders and other fragments accumulate around a vent during eruptions. Its crater usually surrounds a single main vent.

Strombolian eruption: An explosive eruption style marked by intermittent bursts that eject incandescent lava fragments from a vent. Its bursts commonly launch the fragments that pile up around a cinder-cone vent.
Scoria: A vesicular, dark volcanic rock formed when gas-rich lava cools rapidly. Many cinder-cone fragments are scoria, though the deposits can contain other materials.
Parícutin: A Mexican volcano that emerged in a farmer's field in 1943 and grew rapidly during nine years of eruption. Its closely observed growth made it a classic example of a cinder cone forming in a human lifetime.
Shield volcano: A broad volcano with gentle slopes built mainly by repeated flows of low-viscosity lava. Its lava-built, gentle profile contrasts with the steep slopes of loose cinder deposits.
Ballistic transport: The movement of particles through the air along trajectories governed chiefly by their initial velocity and gravity. Ejected fragments fall back around the vent, helping set a cone's size and shape.
Lapilli: Pyroclastic fragments between 2 and 64 millimeters in diameter. This size range includes much of the loose material commonly associated with cinder cones.
Sunset Crater: A cinder cone in northern Arizona formed during an eruption around the late eleventh century. Its deposits and preserved shape illustrate how a single cone can alter the surrounding landscape.
Stratovolcano: A large, steep volcano composed of alternating lava flows and fragmental deposits. Its size and alternating layers distinguish it from a cone built mostly from loose fragments.
Angle of repose: The steepest angle at which loose granular material remains stable without sliding. Cinder cones often approach this limit as loose fragments accumulate on their flanks.
Pyroclastic fall: Volcanic fragments that settle from an eruption plume or ballistic trajectories onto the ground. Fall deposits around a vent can make up the cone's loose layered structure.

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