Civil war

A civil war is an organized armed conflict within a state between domestic groups seeking political control or territorial authority. It may involve governments, rebel movements, or competing factions.

Insurgency: An organized campaign by a nonstate group to challenge a government through armed struggle and political mobilization. Insurgencies are a common form of sustained rebellion within civil wars.
American Civil War: The 1861–1865 war between the United States and the Confederacy, fought over secession and slavery. It is a defining case of a civil war over territorial separation and political order.
Interstate war: An armed conflict fought between the armed forces of two or more sovereign states. The principal distinction is whether the main combatants belong to one state or separate states.
Civilian casualty: A civilian killed or injured as a result of armed conflict or military operations. Civilian harm is a central human cost of fighting inside populated communities.
Civil war onset: The process by which organized domestic political conflict escalates into sustained armed violence. Researchers test why similar grievances lead to war in some states but not others.
State failure: A condition in which a state cannot reliably provide security, enforce law, or maintain basic institutions. Weak state authority can create openings for armed groups to seize territory.
Spanish Civil War: The 1936–1939 conflict between Spain's Republican government and Nationalist forces led by Francisco Franco. Its competing political factions and foreign intervention shaped the conflict's course.
Revolution: A rapid, fundamental change in political power or social order, often pursued through mass action. Revolutions can trigger civil wars, but political transformation alone is not armed conflict.
Displacement (human): The forced movement of people from their homes because of violence, persecution, disaster, or development projects. Threats and fighting often drive people from homes within or across national borders.
Commitment problem: A bargaining obstacle in which parties cannot credibly promise to honor an agreement in the future. Rivals may keep fighting when neither trusts the other's promises after disarmament.

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