Civilian Conservation Corps

The Civilian Conservation Corps was a U.S. New Deal work-relief program that employed young men in conservation and public-works projects from 1933 to 1942.

CCC camps: Residential work camps housed Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees near public-land projects. Camp administration organized daily life and work, the role Marshall held in 1933–34.
Franklin D. Roosevelt: Franklin D. Roosevelt was the 32nd president of the United States, serving from 1933 to 1945. Roosevelt proposed the corps shortly after taking office in 1933.
Soil conservation: Soil conservation comprises practices that prevent erosion and maintain soil fertility. Corps crews built erosion controls and carried out land-restoration work.
African Americans in the Civilian Conservation Corps: African Americans served in segregated Civilian Conservation Corps companies and faced discriminatory placement and conditions. Their experience shows how racial segregation shaped access to the program’s jobs and benefits.
James J. McEntee: James J. McEntee was a senior administrator and later director of the Civilian Conservation Corps. McEntee was a key national administrator while Marshall worked in camp operations.
Robert Fechner: Robert Fechner was the first director of the Civilian Conservation Corps. As director, Fechner led the national organization whose camps Marshall helped administer.
Great Depression: The Great Depression was a worldwide economic crisis that began in 1929 and lasted through much of the 1930s. Widespread unemployment made immediate work relief a central purpose of the corps.
Reforestation: Reforestation is the re-establishment of forest cover on land where trees have been removed or lost. Planting trees was among the corps’ most visible conservation activities.
Women in the Civilian Conservation Corps: Women participated in a much smaller, separately organized New Deal conservation program commonly called the She-She-She camps. The corps’ overwhelmingly male enrollment reflected a broader exclusion from its principal work-relief system.
Harold Ickes: Harold Ickes was U.S. secretary of the interior from 1933 to 1946 and a major New Deal administrator. Ickes oversaw federal agencies whose lands and conservation work involved corps crews.

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