Classical theism

Classical theism holds that God is transcendent, personal, and the creator and sustainer of a universe distinct from God. It commonly describes God as eternal, immutable, and necessary.

Divine transcendence: The view that God exists beyond and is not reducible to the created universe. It distinguishes the classical God from a force wholly contained within nature.
Creation ex nihilo: The doctrine that God creates the universe from nothing rather than from preexisting matter. It states the classical account of the universe’s dependence on God.
Plato: An ancient Greek philosopher whose dialogues shaped later metaphysical and theological thought. Platonic ideas about ultimate reality influenced later accounts of divine transcendence.
Deism: The belief that a creator God made the universe but does not intervene in its operation. It differs over whether God continues to govern and sustain creation.
Five Ways: Five arguments for God’s existence presented by Thomas Aquinas in the Summa Theologiae. They offer a compact example of reasoning toward a classical conception of God.
Divine simplicity: The doctrine that God is not composed of parts or separable attributes. It shapes how classical theists understand God’s unity and attributes.
Primary and secondary causation: The distinction between God as primary cause and created agents as genuine secondary causes. It explains how divine action can coexist with creaturely causal activity.
Aristotle: An ancient Greek philosopher who developed influential accounts of substance, causation, and the unmoved mover. His unmoved mover became a major model for philosophical arguments about God.
Pantheism: The view that God and the universe are identical or that all reality is divine. It rejects the creator–creation distinction classical theism maintains.
Cosmological argument: An argument for God’s existence from facts about causation, contingency, or the existence of the universe. Classical theists use such arguments to infer a necessary source of contingent reality.

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