Clupeidae

Clupeidae is a family of ray-finned fishes that includes herrings, shads, sardines, and menhadens. Most species form schools and feed chiefly on plankton.

Clupeiformes: Clupeiformes is an order of ray-finned fishes that includes herrings, anchovies, and their relatives. This is the broader order containing the family Clupeidae.
Atlantic herring: Atlantic herring is a schooling marine fish native to the North Atlantic and a major commercial species. It is one of the best-known members of the family.
Fish schooling: Fish schooling is coordinated group swimming in which individuals maintain close spacing and align their movement. Many clupeids school, gaining protection while concentrating prey and spawning activity.
Herring fishery: A herring fishery is the commercial harvest of herring for food, fishmeal, or fish oil. Herring fisheries are among the longest-established and most consequential uses of clupeid fish.
Forage fish: Forage fish are small schooling fish that transfer energy from plankton to larger predators. Many clupeids are classic forage fish in marine and freshwater food webs.
Teleost: Teleosts are the largest group of living ray-finned fishes, characterized by highly mobile jaws and a bony tail skeleton. Clupeids belong to this broad and diverse group of fishes.
Pacific sardine: The Pacific sardine is a small schooling fish found along the Pacific coasts of North and South America. Its population fluctuations illustrate the changing fortunes of a clupeid fishery.
Filter feeding: Filter feeding is a feeding strategy that captures small food particles from water passing through specialized structures. Some clupeids strain plankton from water using structures in the gill region.
Sardine fishery: A sardine fishery is the commercial harvest of small schooling fish sold fresh, canned, or processed. Sardine fisheries exploit several clupeid species around the world.
Atlantic menhaden reduction fishery: The Atlantic menhaden reduction fishery harvests menhaden mainly to produce fishmeal and fish oil. This large-scale fishery has prompted debate over menhaden’s ecological role and harvest limits.

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