Clupeiformes

Clupeiformes is an order of ray-finned fishes that includes herrings, sardines, anchovies, and their relatives. Its members are mostly schooling fishes that feed in open water or near the surface.

Clupeidae: Clupeidae is the fish family that includes herrings, sardines, and shads. This is the largest and best-known family within Clupeiformes.
Filter feeding: Filter feeding extracts small organisms or particles from water passing through specialized structures. Many clupeiforms strain plankton from water using their gill apparatus.
Atlantic herring: Atlantic herring is a schooling clupeid fish native to the North Atlantic Ocean. It is one of the order’s most abundant and economically significant species.
Alepocephaliformes: Alepocephaliformes is an order of deep-sea fishes that includes slickheads and tubeshoulders. It is a distinct teleost order, unlike the mostly shallow-water clupeiforms.
Benguela Current: The Benguela Current is a cold ocean current along southwestern Africa associated with strong coastal upwelling. Its productive waters support major clupeiform populations and fisheries.
Engraulidae: Engraulidae is the family of anchovies, small schooling fishes found in marine and freshwater habitats. Anchovies form a distinct clupeiform family rather than belonging to Clupeidae.
Gill raker: A gill raker is a projection on a fish’s gill arch that helps retain food or protect gill tissue. Gill-raker structure helps determine which plankton clupeiforms can capture.
European anchovy: European anchovy is a small pelagic fish native to the Mediterranean and adjacent Atlantic waters. Its fisheries illustrate the commercial importance of anchovies within Clupeiformes.
Ostariophysi: Ostariophysi is a major group of teleost fishes that includes carps, catfishes, and characins. Clupeiformes is an early-diverging lineage near the base of this broad teleost grouping.
Peruvian anchoveta: Peruvian anchoveta is a small clupeid fish that forms enormous populations off western South America. Its population collapse in the 1970s exposed the risks of intense fishing and environmental change.

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