Cluster headache

Cluster headache is a primary headache disorder marked by severe, strictly one-sided pain around the eye, with same-sided autonomic symptoms and attacks recurring in bouts.

Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia: A group of primary headache disorders combining trigeminal pain with cranial autonomic symptoms. Cluster headache is the best-known disorder in this family.
Oxygen therapy: A medical treatment that delivers oxygen to raise the amount available to tissues or alter physiological processes. High-flow oxygen through a non-rebreather mask can rapidly stop many attacks.
Migraine: A primary headache disorder involving recurrent attacks, often with pulsating pain, nausea, and sensitivity to light or sound. Migraine attacks usually last longer and are less tightly associated with same-sided autonomic signs.
Episodic cluster headache: Cluster headache occurring in bouts separated by pain-free remissions lasting at least three months. This pattern accounts for most cases and makes bout timing clinically useful.
Cluster headache pathophysiology: The biological processes that produce cluster headache attacks and their recurring periods. Research must explain how hypothalamic timing, trigeminal pain, and autonomic symptoms interact.
Trigeminal nerve: The fifth cranial nerve carries facial sensation and contributes to pain signaling from the head. Its first division carries pain signals from the orbital region.
Sumatriptan: A serotonin 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonist used to treat migraine and cluster headache attacks. Subcutaneous or intranasal delivery can abort an attack faster than oral medication.
Paroxysmal hemicrania: A trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia causing frequent, brief, one-sided attacks with autonomic symptoms. Its attacks are shorter and more frequent, and respond absolutely to indomethacin.
Chronic cluster headache: Cluster headache with attacks for at least a year and no remission, or remissions shorter than three months. Its limited or absent remission changes preventive-treatment planning.
Sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation: An implanted or temporary neuromodulation approach that electrically stimulates the sphenopalatine ganglion. Its benefits in some difficult cases raise questions about which autonomic pathways sustain attacks.

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