Collective farming

Collective farming is an agricultural system in which farmers jointly organize production, pool resources, or share land and output. Its arrangements range from voluntary cooperatives to state-directed collectivization.

Agricultural cooperative: A farmer-owned organization that provides shared services or jointly markets, processes, or produces agricultural goods. Cooperatives are a voluntary way to pool resources while farms may remain individually owned.
Soviet collectivization: The forced consolidation of Soviet peasant farms into collective and state farms, begun on a large scale in 1929. It became one of the largest and most coercive experiments in collective agriculture.
Peasant commune: A rural community in which households share rights to land or manage resources through local institutions. Older communal landholding arrangements offered precedents distinct from modern state collectivization.
Holodomor: The catastrophic famine in Soviet Ukraine in 1932–1933, during forced collectivization and grain requisitions. Collectivization and state procurement formed part of the policies surrounding this famine.
Family farming: Agricultural production organized and largely managed by a family, typically using family labor and household resources. It is the principal alternative when land and farm decisions remain within individual households.
Common land: Land held or used collectively by a community under shared rules. Shared land is one possible basis for organizing collective production.
Kolkhoz: A Soviet collective farm in which members nominally shared production and management under state oversight. The kolkhoz was the principal Soviet institution labeled a collective farm.
Agrarian socialism: A political tradition advocating social ownership or cooperative control of agricultural land and production. It supplied arguments for replacing private farming with collective forms.
Great Chinese Famine: The mass famine in China from 1959 to 1961, associated with the Great Leap Forward and its policies. Communal production and state grain procurement contributed to the crisis’s agricultural setting.
State farming: Agricultural production on land owned and operated by the state, commonly using wage labor and central administration. State farms share centralized control with some collective systems but do not rely on member ownership.

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