Colonialism

Colonialism is a system in which a power establishes control over another territory and its people, often through settlement, exploitation, and political domination.

Colonial administration: The governing institutions and practices through which a colonial power rules a territory. Administrations translated distant imperial authority into local laws and officials.
Age of Discovery: The period of European maritime exploration and overseas expansion beginning in the fifteenth century. Its voyages opened routes that enabled European conquest and settlement overseas.
Imperialism: A policy or practice of extending a state's power over other territories or peoples. Imperialism names broader expansion of power; colonialism often involves direct territorial control.
Partition of India: The 1947 division of British India into the independent states of India and Pakistan. The end of British rule produced mass displacement and enduring regional conflict.
Coloniality: The persistence of colonial patterns of power, knowledge, and social hierarchy beyond formal colonial rule. The concept distinguishes enduring colonial structures from colonial governments themselves.
Indirect rule: A system of colonial government that exercises authority through existing local rulers and institutions. It shows how colonial powers could govern without replacing every local authority.
Portuguese Empire: An overseas empire built by Portugal through maritime trade, forts, settlements, and territorial rule. Portuguese expansion established some of the earliest modern European overseas colonies.
Neocolonialism: Indirect influence over a formally independent country through economic or political dependence. It describes domination that can persist after formal colonial rule ends.
Berlin Conference: The 1884–1885 meeting at which European powers set rules for claiming territory in Africa. Its agreements accelerated territorial partition without African representation.
Orientalism: A tradition of representing Eastern societies as exotic, backward, or fundamentally different from the West. It analyzes cultural representations that helped justify European imperial authority.

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