Colonization

Colonization is the establishment of external control over a territory and its people, often through settlement, political rule, and resource extraction.

Settler colonialism: A form of colonialism in which settlers seek permanent residence and replace or displace Indigenous societies. It shows how permanent settlement can make territorial control an enduring project.
Portuguese Empire: A maritime empire established by Portugal across territories in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Portuguese expansion pioneered durable overseas trading posts and territorial rule.
Bartolomé de las Casas: A sixteenth-century Spanish cleric who criticized the abuse of Indigenous peoples in the Americas. His writings exposed violence within Spanish colonization and influenced debates over Indigenous rights.
Indigenous peoples: Distinct societies with historical continuity and relationships to territories that predate states and colonial rule. Colonial expansion dispossessed Indigenous communities and disrupted their political and cultural institutions.
Imperialism: A policy or practice of extending a state's power over other territories or peoples. Imperialism is broader than colonization and can operate without settlement or direct territorial administration.
Colonial administration: The institutions and officials through which a colonial power governs a subordinate territory. Administrative systems converted claims of sovereignty into everyday rule.
Spanish Empire: An empire built by Spain across the Americas and other regions from the late fifteenth century onward. Spanish conquest and settlement created a major early modern model of overseas colonial rule.
Cecil Rhodes: A British imperialist and politician who promoted British expansion in southern Africa. His political and commercial power helped extend British colonial control in southern Africa.
Atlantic slave trade: The forced transportation of millions of Africans across the Atlantic for enslavement in the Americas. Colonial plantation economies drove a vast system of coerced labor and racialized exploitation.
Occupation: The temporary control of territory by a foreign military power, often during conflict. Occupation can impose external control without creating a lasting colonial system.

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