Color perception

Color perception is the sensory and cognitive process by which humans distinguish colors from light and interpret them as visual qualities.

Trichromatic theory: The theory that color vision begins with three classes of cone photoreceptors, each sensitive to a different range of wavelengths. Three cone responses provide the initial signals from which color vision is built.
Visible spectrum: The range of electromagnetic wavelengths detectable by the typical human visual system. It defines the light wavelengths that can stimulate human color vision.
Color vision deficiency: A variation in color discrimination caused by differences in cone photopigments or their function. It shows how changes in sensory input can alter distinctions that typical color vision makes.
Colorimetry: The science and technology of measuring and specifying color using standardized systems. Colorimetry translates perceptual color matches into reproducible measurements.
Color naming: The use of words to identify and communicate colors. Color names organize perceptual distinctions into communicable categories.
Opponent-process theory: The theory that color signals are organized along opposing channels, including red–green and blue–yellow. Opponent channels help explain color contrasts and why certain color pairs are not perceived together.
Wavelength: The distance between successive peaks of a wave, used to describe electromagnetic radiation. Wavelength influences cone responses, though it does not uniquely determine perceived color.
Achromatopsia: A rare condition involving absent or severely reduced color vision, often with light sensitivity and reduced acuity. This condition illustrates the consequences of severely impaired cone-mediated color perception.
CIE 1931 color space: A color space established by the International Commission on Illumination to represent human color matching data. It formalizes color matches based on measurements of human observers.
Basic Color Terms: A linguistic framework for comparing the basic color categories found across languages. Cross-language patterns show how perception and language shape color categories.

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