Color blindness

Color blindness is reduced or absent ability to distinguish some colors, usually because cone photoreceptors have altered or missing light-sensitive pigments.

Cone cell: A retinal photoreceptor that responds to light and supports color vision. Color blindness often begins when one cone type or its pigment is altered.
Trichromacy: Color vision based on three types of cone photoreceptors with different spectral sensitivities. Typical human color vision compares signals from three cone classes.
Color vision test: An examination that assesses whether a person can distinguish specified colors or color patterns. Clinical and occupational assessments identify the type and extent of color discrimination differences.
OPN1LW: A gene encoding the long-wavelength-sensitive cone opsin, commonly called the red opsin. Variants and rearrangements involving this gene contribute to inherited red–green deficiencies.
Photopsin: A light-sensitive protein in cone cells that helps determine which wavelengths they detect. Differences or defects in cone photopsins produce many inherited color-vision deficiencies.
Red–green color blindness: A group of color-vision deficiencies that weaken distinctions along the red–green dimension. It is the most common family of inherited color blindness.
Color blindness simulation: A visual transformation that approximates how an image may appear under a color-vision deficiency. Simulations help expose color-coded information that may become indistinguishable.
OPN1MW: A gene encoding the medium-wavelength-sensitive cone opsin, commonly called the green opsin. Changes in this gene or its arrangement can disrupt green-sensitive cone responses.
Opponent process: A theory of vision in which neural channels encode color through opposing signals, such as red versus green. Color distinctions depend on comparing cone signals through opponent channels.
Blue–yellow color blindness: A color-vision deficiency that impairs distinctions involving blue and yellow, often through S-cone pathway disruption. It illustrates a less common deficiency affecting a different color-opponent dimension.

Linked from 31 pages