Commodification

Commodification is the process of turning goods, services, relationships, or other things into commodities that can be bought and sold. It makes them legible to exchange, pricing, and market ownership.

Commodity: A good or service produced or exchanged for sale in a market. Commodification changes something into this market-ready form.
Karl Marx: A nineteenth-century German philosopher and political economist who analyzed capitalism, class, and commodity exchange. Marx made commodity production and exchange foundational to his critique of capitalism.
Commodification of care: The organization of caregiving as paid labor or a market service. Care shows how intimate responsibilities can become priced services.
Decommodification: The reduction of people’s dependence on market purchase for access to goods and services. It names the counterprocess that weakens commodities’ control over access.
Commodification of labor: The treatment of human labor capacity as something bought and sold for wages. Wage labor is a central case of turning human activity into a commodity.
Capital: Critique of Political Economy: Karl Marx’s multivolume critique of political economy, first published in 1867 and later volumes posthumously. Its opening analysis of the commodity shaped later accounts of commodification.
Commodification of culture: The production and circulation of cultural forms as marketable goods or services. Cultural works and practices can be reorganized around sale and consumer demand.
Gift economy: An economic system in which goods and services circulate through giving and reciprocal obligations rather than direct sale. Gift exchange organizes transfers through obligation and relationship instead of commodity pricing.
Marketization: The expansion of market exchange and market-like incentives into areas previously governed by other arrangements. Marketization often supplies the institutional route through which commodification advances.
Commodity fetishism: Marx’s account of how relations among people appear as relations among commodities and their values. It explains how commodification can obscure the social relations behind market goods.

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