Common land

Common land is land held or used collectively by a community under shared rules. Its users have defined rights, such as grazing or gathering resources, rather than unrestricted access.

Common-pool resource: A resource system from which it is difficult to exclude users, while one person's use can reduce what remains for others. Common land often has these resource characteristics, making rules necessary to limit competing uses.
Medieval English open-field system: A system of medieval farming in which village fields were divided into strips and managed under shared arrangements. It shows how common rights operated alongside individually cultivated strips in England.
Grazing rights: Rights to pasture livestock on land owned or managed by someone else or held collectively. Grazing is one of the most widespread traditional uses of common land.
Private property: A property regime in which individuals or organizations hold legally protected rights to control assets. Exclusive control contrasts with the shared rights characteristic of common land.
Common property: A property regime in which a defined group holds rights to manage and use a resource. It describes the collective rights that distinguish common land from open access or private ownership.
Enclosure: The consolidation of open fields and common lands into bounded parcels under exclusive control. Enclosure transformed many shared-use landscapes into privately controlled holdings.
Turbary: The customary right to cut peat for fuel from a particular area of common or privately owned land. Peat cutting illustrates how common rights can apply to a specific resource and season.
Public property: Property owned by a government or public authority for public purposes or use. Common land is not necessarily government-owned or freely accessible to everyone.
Commoners' rights: Customary or legally recognized rights to use resources on land shared by a community. These rights specify which activities commoners may carry out on the land.
Enclosure Acts: Acts of the British Parliament that authorized the enclosure of specified common lands and open fields. These laws formalized and accelerated the conversion of English commons.

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