Communalism

Communalism organizes social or economic life around shared property, resources, or collective decision-making. Its forms range from voluntary communities to political systems that place communal institutions above private ownership.

Common-pool resource: A resource from which excluding users is difficult and whose use by one person reduces what remains for others. These resources create the coordination problems communal institutions are designed to manage.
Common-pool resource management: The design and use of rules that govern access to shared resources and limit their depletion. It shows how communities can coordinate resource use without relying only on privatization or state control.
Intentional community: A residential community whose members deliberately organize life around shared values or goals. These communities make collective living a conscious and often voluntary arrangement.
Communism: A political and economic ideology seeking a classless society based on common ownership of productive resources. Communism is a broad ideological project, while communalism can describe localized arrangements without that program.
Commons: A resource or shared space governed for collective use, often through rules made by its users. Commons are a concrete form of shared resource management within communal life.
Elinor Ostrom: An American political economist who studied how communities govern shared resources. Her research documented institutional principles used by successful commons governance.
Housing cooperative: A housing arrangement in which a cooperative organization owns property and residents hold membership shares or occupancy rights. It applies collective ownership to housing while retaining defined membership and governance.
Socialism: A family of political and economic traditions that favor social ownership or control of productive resources. Socialism includes state-led and other models broader than communal institutions.
Collective ownership: A system in which an asset is owned jointly by a group rather than by individuals or the state. It specifies who holds property rights in many communal arrangements.
Free-rider problem: The problem that arises when people benefit from a shared good without contributing to its provision. Communal arrangements must address incentives to take benefits without sharing costs.

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