Community-Based Natural Resource Management

Community-based natural resource management is an approach that gives local communities authority or responsibility to manage natural resources and share resulting benefits.

Common-pool resource: A resource from which excluding users is difficult and one person's use reduces what remains for others. Many community-managed resources fit this category, making collective rules necessary.
Fortress conservation: A conservation approach that protects areas through strict control, often excluding local people from resource use. It contrasts with management that grants communities roles and shares benefits.
Community-based fisheries management: Fisheries governance that gives local fishing communities roles in setting or enforcing management rules. It adapts community-based management to mobile fish stocks and fishing livelihoods.
Ostrom's design principles: A set of institutional features associated with durable governance of common-pool resources, identified by Elinor Ostrom. They offer a framework for assessing whether local resource institutions can endure.
Collective action: Coordinated action by people pursuing a shared goal. Communities must coordinate contributions and restraint to manage shared resources.
State ownership: A property regime in which government holds formal ownership of land or resources. Government ownership can limit community authority even when local people participate.
Indigenous protected area: A protected area governed by Indigenous peoples under their own institutions and conservation practices. It shows community conservation grounded in Indigenous authority and territorial rights.
Environmental justice: The fair distribution of environmental benefits and burdens, meaningful participation, and recognition of affected groups. Community management raises questions about whose voices count and who gains.
Property rights: Socially recognized rules governing who may access, use, control, or transfer resources. Local management depends on which rights communities receive and can enforce.
Private property: A property regime assigning specified rights over an asset to an individual or organization. It differs from collective governance through rights held by a community.

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