Compilation of the Quran

The process by which Quranic revelations were gathered into a written codex under Abu Bakr and later standardized under Uthman.

Abu Bakr: The first caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate, who ruled from 632 to 634. He commissioned the first collection of Quranic material into a single manuscript.
Uthmanic codex: The standardized Quranic text associated with the caliph Uthman’s recension. It represents the later stage of compilation and textual standardization.
Uthman: The third Rashidun caliph, who ruled from 644 to 656. He ordered a standardized codex and its distribution to provincial centers.
Sana'a manuscript: A cache of early Quranic manuscripts discovered in the Great Mosque of Sana'a, Yemen. Its lower-text fragments provide evidence for early textual variation.
Zayd ibn Thabit: A scribe of Muhammad who served as a principal compiler of the Quranic codex. Abu Bakr entrusted him with gathering written and memorized revelations.
Quranic manuscript: A handwritten copy of all or part of the Quran. Manuscripts are the physical witnesses through which early codices can be studied.
Hafsa bint Umar: A wife of Muhammad and daughter of Umar ibn al-Khattab. Tradition says the earlier collection was kept with her before Uthman’s commission.
Birmingham Quran manuscript: Two parchment leaves bearing Quranic text, held at the University of Birmingham. Radiocarbon dating places its parchment among the earliest surviving Quranic witnesses.
Battle of Yamama: A battle in 632 between the Rashidun Caliphate and forces associated with Musaylima. Reports of Quran reciters dying there prompted concern about preserving the revelations.
Qira'at: The recognized traditions of Quranic recitation, with differences in pronunciation and wording. Standardization addressed variation while recitation traditions continued to transmit readings.

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