Complex system

A system of many interacting components whose collective behavior produces patterns or properties not evident from the components alone.

Emergence: The appearance of system-level patterns or properties that are not evident in individual components. It names the defining transition from component interactions to collective behavior.
System: A set of interacting or interdependent parts organized as a whole. Complex systems are a distinctive kind of organized whole.
Ecosystem: A community of organisms interacting with one another and with their physical environment. Species and environmental processes produce ecosystem-wide patterns and stability.
Complicated system: A system with many parts whose behavior can be understood by analyzing its components and their interactions. Complex systems resist this kind of complete decomposition into predictable parts.
Robustness: The ability of a system to maintain function despite disturbances or component failures. Distributed interactions can preserve function, but also create unexpected vulnerabilities.
Nonlinear system: A system whose outputs are not proportional to its inputs and whose components can influence one another nonlinearly. Nonlinear responses let small changes in one component produce large system-wide effects.
Network science: The study of structures formed by nodes and the links between them. Network structure determines which components can influence one another.
Climate system: The interacting atmosphere, oceans, land, ice, and living systems that shape Earth's climate. Coupled components generate climate patterns and abrupt shifts.
Chaos theory: The study of deterministic systems whose behavior is highly sensitive to initial conditions. Chaos can occur in complex systems, but sensitivity alone does not require many interacting components.
Resilience: The capacity of a system to absorb disturbance and reorganize while retaining its essential functions. It describes how complex systems recover or transform after shocks.

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