Comprehensive Peace Agreement

The 2005 agreement between Sudan’s government and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement that ended the Second Sudanese Civil War and set a path toward southern independence.

Machakos Protocol: The 2002 protocol that established self-determination for southern Sudan and a separate legal framework for the south. It established the referendum principle that became the agreement’s route to resolving the conflict.
Second Sudanese Civil War: The 1983–2005 conflict between Sudan’s government and southern insurgents, principally the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement. The agreement formally ended this conflict after more than two decades.
John Garang: A Sudanese rebel leader and founding head of the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement and its army. He signed for the movement and became Sudan’s first vice president under the settlement.
South Sudan: A landlocked country in East-Central Africa that became independent from Sudan in 2011. The referendum required by the agreement led to its independence.
Naivasha Agreement: The 2004 agreement on security arrangements between Sudan’s government and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement. It supplied key security terms incorporated into the final settlement.
Addis Ababa Agreement: The 1972 settlement that ended Sudan’s first civil war and granted the south regional autonomy. Its breakdown and reversal shaped distrust of autonomy without enforceable guarantees.
Ali Osman Taha: A Sudanese politician who served as first vice president and led the government’s negotiating team. His negotiations with Garang secured the final bargain.
Interim National Constitution of Sudan: Sudan’s 2005 constitution, which established institutions and arrangements for the agreement’s interim period. It translated the settlement’s power-sharing provisions into a constitutional framework.
Power-sharing: An arrangement that distributes governmental authority among political parties, regions, or groups. The agreement allocated national and regional offices between the signatories.
Sudan People's Liberation Movement: A Sudanese political and military movement founded in 1983 to fight the central government and seek a transformed Sudan. It was the principal southern party negotiating and signing the agreement.

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