Computational linguistics

Computational linguistics studies computational methods for representing, analyzing, and generating human language. It combines linguistic theory with algorithms and statistical models.

Natural language processing: A field that develops computational techniques for processing human language in text and speech. It is the broader applied field in which many computational linguistics methods are used.
Tokenization: The process of dividing a text into units such as words, subwords, or punctuation marks. It turns raw text into units that many downstream language algorithms can process.
Georgetown–IBM experiment: A 1954 demonstration that automatically translated selected Russian sentences into English. Its public success helped establish machine translation as an early computational language goal.
Rule-based machine translation: Machine translation built from manually specified linguistic rules and bilingual resources. It contrasts with systems that learn translation patterns primarily from data.
Formal grammar: A system of rules that specifies how symbols can form valid expressions in a language. Grammars provide explicit representations of syntactic structure for computational analysis.
Part-of-speech tagging: The assignment of grammatical categories, such as noun or verb, to words in context. It illustrates how computational systems infer grammatical information from sequences.
Machine translation: The automatic translation of text or speech from one language into another. Early machine translation projects helped define the field's practical and theoretical questions.
Statistical machine translation: Machine translation that uses statistical models learned from parallel text. Its data-driven methods replaced many hand-built translation rules before neural approaches.
Syntax: The system of principles governing how words combine into phrases and sentences. Computational models often represent sentence structure through syntactic relations.
Parsing: The analysis of a sentence's grammatical structure according to a formal representation. Parsing converts word sequences into explicit syntactic structures.

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