Computer data storage

Computer data storage records digital information on media or devices so it can be retrieved later. It includes temporary working memory and persistent storage that retains data without power.

Binary data: Information represented using two symbols, conventionally 0 and 1. Storage devices encode digital information as binary states.
Random-access memory: Volatile computer memory that provides fast, directly addressable access to data. RAM holds active data and instructions while a computer is running.
Database: An organized collection of data managed for querying, updating, and retrieval. Databases depend on storage systems to preserve structured information.
Volatile memory: Memory that loses its contents when electrical power is removed. It contrasts with persistent storage, which retains data without power.
Addressing (computing): A method for identifying a location in computer memory or storage. Addresses let systems locate particular data units for reading or writing.
Read-only memory: Nonvolatile memory designed primarily for reading stored data rather than frequent rewriting. ROM retains essential instructions when power is off.
Data backup: A separate copy of data maintained so it can be restored after loss or damage. Backups protect stored information from deletion, failure, and disaster.
Non-volatile memory: Memory that retains stored information without continuous electrical power. Persistent computer storage relies on non-volatility to preserve data across shutdowns.
File system: Software structures that organize files and directories on a storage volume. File systems map human-named files to stored data and track their organization.
Hard disk drive: A storage device that records data magnetically on rotating platters. Hard drives are a major persistent storage technology.

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Computer hardwareBroader topic: Storage preserves programs and files when a computer is powered off.