Computer numerical control

Computer numerical control (CNC) automates machine tools and manufacturing equipment by executing programmed commands. It coordinates machine motion and operations to produce parts with specified shapes and dimensions.

G-code: A programming language used to specify movements and operations for CNC machines. Its commands tell the machine where to move, how fast, and which operations to perform.
Cartesian coordinate system: A system that locates points using perpendicular axes and numerical coordinates. CNC programs commonly define positions in coordinate systems tied to the machine or workpiece.
CNC milling: A machining process in which a rotating cutting tool removes material from a workpiece under CNC control. It uses programmed tool paths to make slots, surfaces, pockets, and complex shapes.
Manual machining: Machining in which an operator directly controls machine movements and cutting operations. CNC replaces much direct hand control with stored, repeatable programs.
Flexible manufacturing system: A production system that uses programmable equipment to make different products with limited changeover. CNC machines can be linked into systems that switch among part designs and production tasks.
CNC machine controller: The computer system that interprets a CNC program and directs a machine tool's motion and functions. It translates programmed instructions into coordinated actions by motors and other machine components.
Tool path: The planned route a cutting tool follows relative to a workpiece during manufacturing. A CNC program encodes tool paths as sequences of positions and movements.
CNC turning: A machining process in which a workpiece rotates while a cutting tool shapes it under CNC control. Its programmed operations efficiently produce cylindrical parts such as shafts and bushings.
Numerical control: Automated machine-tool control through coded numerical instructions, originally implemented without general-purpose computers. CNC is the computer-based development of numerical control.
Mass production: The manufacture of large quantities of standardized products using organized production methods. CNC supports both repeat batches and varied parts, unlike automation designed solely for one fixed product.

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