Condensation reaction

A chemical reaction in which two molecules form a larger product while releasing a small molecule, often water or alcohol.

Dehydration reaction: A reaction that joins molecules by removing water, often forming a new covalent bond. It is the water-releasing form commonly used to describe condensation in biochemical reactions.
Functional group: A characteristic group of atoms that determines many of a molecule’s chemical reactions. Condensation commonly joins molecules through complementary functional groups.
Peptide bond: The amide linkage joining amino acids in peptides and proteins. Ribosomes form this linkage as amino acids are incorporated into a growing chain.
Addition reaction: A reaction in which atoms or groups add across a multiple bond without eliminating a small molecule. Unlike condensation, addition joins reactants without releasing a small-molecule by-product.
Esterification: A reaction that forms an ester from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, commonly releasing water. It shows condensation between two functional groups with water as the by-product.
Carboxylic acid: An organic compound containing a carboxyl group, written –COOH. Its hydroxyl-containing group can participate in condensations that form esters or amides.
Glycosidic bond: A covalent linkage joining a carbohydrate’s anomeric carbon to another group. Joining sugars into disaccharides and polysaccharides commonly releases water.
Hydrolysis: A reaction that cleaves a chemical bond through reaction with water. It often reverses the bond-forming process associated with condensation.
Amide bond: A covalent bond between a carbonyl carbon and nitrogen, found in amides and proteins. Its formation from a carboxyl group and an amine can release water.
Alcohol: An organic compound containing a hydroxyl group bonded to a saturated carbon atom. Its hydroxyl group can combine with an acid-derived group during ester-forming condensation.

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