Confidentiality

Confidentiality is a duty or practice of restricting disclosure of specified information. It governs who may access or share information and under what conditions.

Access control: Access control determines which people or systems may use particular resources and what actions they may perform. It turns confidentiality rules into permissions that limit who can see protected information.
Professional secrecy: Professional secrecy is an obligation to protect information learned through a professional relationship. It is the broader duty governing confidentiality in professions such as law and medicine.
Data integrity: Data integrity is the property of information remaining accurate, complete, and unaltered except through authorized changes. Confidentiality controls disclosure; integrity controls whether information has been improperly changed.
Data breach: A data breach is an incident in which protected information is accessed, disclosed, or acquired without authorization. It is a direct failure of confidentiality when protected information reaches unauthorized parties.
Information classification: Information classification assigns data categories according to sensitivity, value, or required handling. Classifying information identifies which material confidentiality safeguards must protect.
Attorney–client privilege: Attorney–client privilege protects certain confidential communications between lawyers and their clients from compelled disclosure. It gives some lawyer-client communications a specific legal protection against disclosure.
Data availability: Data availability is the property of information and services being accessible when authorized users need them. Availability seeks access for authorized users, while confidentiality restricts access to others.
Mandatory reporting: Mandatory reporting is a legal requirement to notify authorities or affected people about specified events or information. Some confidentiality breaches create duties to report the incident or notify affected individuals.
Encryption: Encryption transforms readable information into a form that requires a key to recover. It can prevent unauthorized parties from understanding disclosed or intercepted data.
Doctor–patient confidentiality: Doctor–patient confidentiality is the duty to protect information disclosed during medical care. It applies confidentiality to diagnoses, treatment, and other information shared in care.

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