Confirmation bias

Confirmation bias is the tendency to seek, interpret, and remember information in ways that favor existing beliefs or expectations. It can distort judgment even when people sincerely aim to be accurate.

Selective exposure: The tendency to choose information sources or messages that align with existing attitudes. It shows how confirmation bias can shape which evidence people encounter.
Prior probability: The probability assigned to a hypothesis before considering new evidence. Prior expectations influence how new information is interpreted.
Wason selection task: A reasoning experiment in which participants test a rule by choosing cards to inspect. The task reveals how people often seek confirming cases instead of falsifying evidence.
Falsifiability: The property of a claim that could be contradicted by some possible observation. Testing for possible refutation counters the search for confirming instances.
Misinformation: False or inaccurate information, regardless of whether it is shared deliberately. Confirmation bias can make congenial misinformation easier to accept and retain.
Biased assimilation: The tendency to evaluate the same evidence differently depending on prior beliefs. It explains why opposing evidence can strengthen rather than weaken a belief.
Selective attention: The allocation of attention to some stimuli while other available stimuli are ignored. Attention can favor belief-consistent details before deliberate reasoning begins.
My-side bias: The tendency to evaluate arguments in ways that favor one's own position. It applies confirmation-like reasoning to debates and contested claims.
Debiasing: Methods intended to reduce systematic errors in judgment and decision-making. It includes practices designed to limit belief-driven evidence evaluation.
Cognitive inoculation: A strategy that builds resistance to persuasion by exposing people to weakened arguments and rebuttals. It aims to prepare people to recognize and resist misleading claims.

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