Coping

Coping consists of thoughts and actions used to manage demands perceived as stressful or exceeding available resources. Strategies may change the situation, regulate emotional responses, or help a person endure distress.

Problem-focused coping: Strategies that address a stressor by changing the situation or taking practical steps to manage it. It shows how coping can target the demands themselves rather than feelings about them.
Stress: A state arising when demands challenge or exceed an organism’s capacity to adapt. Coping is commonly studied as a response to demands appraised as stressful.
Stress management: Methods for reducing or managing stress and its effects on functioning and health. Coping strategies are central tools in efforts to manage stress.
Emotion regulation: Processes that influence which emotions arise, when they arise, and how they are experienced or expressed. Emotion regulation is broader than coping, though many coping strategies regulate emotion.
Emotion-focused coping: Strategies that regulate emotional responses to a stressor without necessarily changing the stressor. It captures coping aimed at distress when circumstances cannot readily be changed.
Cognitive appraisal: The process of evaluating a situation’s significance and one’s ability to respond to it. Appraisal helps determine whether a situation is threatening and what coping options seem available.
Cognitive behavioral therapy: A structured psychotherapy that targets patterns of thought and behavior linked to emotional difficulties. Therapy can teach and practice coping skills for distressing situations.
Defense mechanism: An often-unconscious psychological process that reduces anxiety or protects against distressing thoughts. Defense mechanisms are typically described as unconscious, unlike deliberate coping strategies.
Cognitive reappraisal: Changing how a situation is interpreted to alter its emotional impact. Reappraisal can make a demand seem more manageable and guide subsequent coping.
Psychological resilience: The capacity to adapt or recover amid adversity, disruption, or significant stress. Resilience can affect how people mobilize coping resources and recover from setbacks.

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