Coulomb interaction

The electrostatic interaction between electric charges, with a potential energy in vacuum proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to their separation.

Coulomb's law: The law stating that two stationary point charges exert forces proportional to their charge product and inversely proportional to squared separation. It gives the interaction’s force directly for two stationary point charges.
Electric charge: A fundamental property of matter that determines its electromagnetic interactions. It is the source quantity whose signs and magnitudes set the interaction.
Hydrogen atom: The simplest atom, consisting of one proton and one electron bound by electromagnetic attraction. Its bound electron and proton provide the simplest atomic example of Coulomb attraction.
Magnetic interaction: The interaction between moving electric charges and magnetic dipoles, described by magnetic fields. Unlike the static Coulomb interaction, magnetic forces depend on charge motion and direction.
Electric field: A vector field describing the electric force per unit positive test charge at each point in space. It recasts the interaction as a field produced by charges and acting on other charges.
Elementary charge: The magnitude of the electric charge of a proton or electron, approximately 1.602 × 10⁻¹⁹ coulombs. It sets the basic charge scale for particles participating in the interaction.
Madelung constant: A dimensionless quantity that sums electrostatic interactions in an ideal ionic crystal lattice. It captures the collective Coulomb energy of ions in a crystal.
Newton's law of universal gravitation: A law stating that masses attract with a force proportional to their product and inversely proportional to squared separation. Its inverse-square form resembles Coulomb’s law, but gravity is always attractive.
Electrostatic potential energy: The potential energy associated with stationary electric charges and their configuration. It expresses the interaction’s work and stored energy for a charge arrangement.
Vacuum permittivity: A physical constant that sets the strength of electric interactions in vacuum in SI units. It appears in the SI Coulomb force and potential formulas.

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