Crimean Khanate

A Turkic-Tatar state centered on the Crimean Peninsula, ruled by the Giray dynasty from the fifteenth century until Russia annexed it in 1783.

Giray dynasty: A dynasty descended from Genghis Khan that ruled the Crimean Khanate. Its khans supplied the ruling lineage and shaped succession within the state.
Golden Horde: A Mongol successor state that ruled much of the Eurasian steppe from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century. The khanate arose as the Golden Horde’s authority fragmented.
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth: A federated state in central and eastern Europe that existed from 1569 to 1795. Its borderlands were frequent targets of Crimean raids and sites of diplomacy.
Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca: A 1774 treaty ending the Russo-Turkish War and declaring the Crimean Khanate independent of Ottoman rule. Its terms made the khanate formally independent but vulnerable to Russian intervention.
Nogai Horde: A confederation of nomadic Turkic groups that occupied steppe lands north of the Black and Caspian seas. It shared steppe political traditions with the khanate but lacked its fixed Crimean center.
Crimean Tatar people: A Turkic people whose historic homeland is the Crimean Peninsula. Their communities formed the khanate’s core population and political society.
Hacı I Giray: The founder of the Crimean Khanate and first ruler of the Giray dynasty. He established an independent Giray regime in Crimea in the fifteenth century.
Muscovy: The medieval and early modern Russian state centered on Moscow. Its rivalry with the khanate shaped steppe warfare and the expansion of Russian power.
Russian annexation of Crimea: The Russian Empire’s incorporation of the Crimean Peninsula in 1783. The annexation abolished the khanate and brought its territory under Russian rule.
Kazan Khanate: A Tatar state centered on Kazan that emerged after the Golden Horde’s fragmentation. It was another successor khanate, but its political fate unfolded in the Volga region.

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