Criterion-referenced test

A test that interprets performance against defined standards or learning criteria, rather than relative to other test takers.

Norm-referenced test: A test that interprets performance by comparing test takers with a reference group. The central alternative: it reports relative standing rather than attainment of defined criteria.
Cut score: A score threshold used to classify performance into categories such as passing and failing. It turns a criterion into a decision boundary for interpreting test results.
Licensure examination: An examination used to determine whether a person meets requirements for a professional license. Licensure commonly asks whether candidates meet a defined competence threshold.
Validity (assessment): The degree to which evidence and theory support a particular interpretation and use of assessment scores. A test must support the specific claims made about meeting its criteria.
Ipsative assessment: An assessment that compares a person’s performance with their own earlier performance or profile. It uses neither fixed mastery standards nor other test takers as the main reference.
Mastery learning: An instructional approach in which learners advance after demonstrating proficiency in defined objectives. Its proficiency thresholds illustrate the mastery claims criterion-referenced tests can support.
Driving test: An assessment of whether a person can operate a vehicle safely under specified conditions. Passing depends on demonstrating required driving skills, not outperforming other candidates.
Reliability (psychometrics): The consistency of measurement across items, occasions, or other relevant conditions. Inconsistent scores can make threshold decisions unstable.
Standards-based assessment: Assessment designed to measure performance against explicit standards for knowledge or skill. It applies criterion-based interpretation through standards tied to expected learning.
Test blueprint: A plan mapping test items to learning objectives, content areas, and cognitive demands. A blueprint aligns test content with the criteria the scores are meant to represent.

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