Cross-Strait relations

Cross-Strait relations are the political, economic, and military relationship between Taiwan and mainland China, shaped by competing claims over sovereignty and Taiwan’s status.

Chinese Civil War: A conflict between the Chinese Nationalist Party and Chinese Communist Party that ended with rival governments on either side of the Taiwan Strait. Its 1949 outcome established the separate governments that define the relationship.
One-China policy: A diplomatic approach under which states recognize or acknowledge a single China while defining their positions on Taiwan differently. Different interpretations let Beijing and other governments maintain relations without settling Taiwan’s status.
Cross-strait economic relations: Trade, investment, and other economic exchanges between Taiwan and mainland China. Economic ties connect the two economies while creating leverage and exposure to disruption.
Taiwan independence movement: A political movement advocating Taiwan’s formal independence or recognition as a sovereign state separate from China. Its aims conflict directly with Beijing’s claim that Taiwan belongs to China.
Republic of China retreat to Taiwan: The relocation of the Republic of China government to Taiwan after the Chinese Communist victory in 1949. This created the political division that cross-strait diplomacy has never resolved.
1992 Consensus: A disputed political understanding associated with talks between authorized representatives from Taiwan and mainland China in 1992. It has served as a contested basis for cross-strait talks and political engagement.
Economic coercion: The use or threat of economic measures to influence another actor’s political choices. Restrictions on trade or access can pressure Taiwan without military force.
Chinese unification: The proposed political integration of mainland China and Taiwan under a single Chinese state. Beijing presents unification as the resolution, while many people in Taiwan oppose its terms.
People's Republic of China: The state established in mainland China in 1949 and governed by the Chinese Communist Party. Its claim that Taiwan is part of China is central to Beijing’s policy.
Anti-Secession Law: A 2005 law of the People's Republic of China authorizing non-peaceful means under specified conditions if Taiwan separates from China. It formalizes Beijing’s threat of force while setting out its stated conditions.

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