Knowra Crowd crush Crowd crush A mass-casualty event in which crowd pressure compresses people so they cannot move or breathe freely. Fatal injuries commonly result from compressive asphyxia rather than trampling.
Crowd dynamics : The study of how people move and interact in groups, including how local actions shape collective motion. Collective motion can transmit pressure through a crowd even when individuals cannot control their movement.
Crowd density : The number of people occupying a given area of space. As density rises, people have less room to move and pressure can pass between bodies.
Crowd management : The planning and control of people moving through or gathering in a shared space. Managing entry, movement, and dispersal can reduce dangerous crowding before pressure escalates.
Hillsborough disaster : The 1989 football stadium disaster in Sheffield, England, in which 97 people died after overcrowding in fenced terraces. It exposed the lethal consequences of crowd compression in confined, subdivided standing areas.
Compressive asphyxia : Breathing failure caused by external pressure on the chest or abdomen. Sustained compression can prevent the chest from expanding, making it a leading cause of death in a crush.
Bottleneck : A restricted passage or capacity limit that slows the movement of people or objects. A bottleneck can cause people to accumulate faster than they can leave an area.
Mass gathering : A temporary assembly of many people for an event, celebration, protest, or other shared purpose. Crowd crush is a central safety risk at large gatherings.
Love Parade disaster : The 2010 crowd disaster at the Love Parade music festival in Duisburg, Germany, where 21 people died. Crowd pressure and congestion in a tunnel and access ramps contributed to the deaths.
Crowd turbulence : Uncoordinated, wave-like movement in a dense crowd that can displace people involuntarily. Pressure waves can knock people off balance and cause falls without any deliberate pushing.
Crowd flow : The movement of people through a space over time, often measured by speed and passage rate. Flow that is blocked or uneven can build pressure upstream of an exit or barrier.
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