Curie's law

Curie's law states that a paramagnetic material's magnetic susceptibility is inversely proportional to its absolute temperature. The proportionality constant is the Curie constant.

Magnetic susceptibility: A measure of how strongly a material becomes magnetized in an applied magnetic field. Curie's law specifies how this response changes with temperature in paramagnets.
Absolute temperature: Temperature measured from absolute zero, usually on the kelvin scale. The law uses absolute temperature, not a Celsius or Fahrenheit reading.
Curie–Weiss law: A susceptibility law for interacting paramagnets that replaces temperature with temperature minus the Weiss temperature. Its temperature offset captures interactions absent from Curie's law.
Magnetic susceptibility measurement: Experimental determination of a material's magnetization response to an applied magnetic field. A temperature series can test Curie's law and estimate its constant.
Paramagnetism: Magnetism in which unpaired magnetic moments align weakly with an applied field and lose alignment when it is removed. Curie's law describes the temperature dependence of this magnetic response.
Magnetic field: A physical field that exerts forces on moving charges and magnetic dipoles. It is the applied field whose induced magnetization defines susceptibility.
Pauli paramagnetism: The weak, nearly temperature-independent paramagnetism of conduction electrons in a metal. It does not generally follow Curie's inverse-temperature dependence.
Gouy balance: A magnetic balance that measures force on a sample in a nonuniform magnetic field. It can determine paramagnetic susceptibility for comparison with the law.
Langevin theory of paramagnetism: A classical model explaining paramagnetism through independent magnetic dipoles in thermal equilibrium. It derives Curie's law for classical, noninteracting magnetic moments.
Magnetization: The magnetic dipole moment per unit volume of a material. Susceptibility is defined through a material's magnetization in an applied field.

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