Knowra Cytokine release syndrome Cytokine release syndrome Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a systemic inflammatory condition caused by widespread immune signaling that can produce fever, low blood pressure, and organ dysfunction. It often follows immune-cell therapies or certain infections.
Cytokines : Cytokines are signaling proteins that regulate immune responses and communication between cells. CRS develops when immune cells release large amounts of these signaling proteins.
Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy : Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy genetically equips a patient's T cells to recognize and attack selected cells. CAR T-cell therapy is a prominent treatment-associated cause of CRS.
Cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19 : Cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19 is severe systemic inflammation associated with some cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection. COVID-19 illustrates how infection, rather than therapy, can accompany CRS-like inflammation.
Cytokine profiling : Cytokine profiling measures multiple cytokines in a biological sample to characterize immune signaling. Profiles may help identify inflammatory patterns, but they do not yet reliably predict CRS severity.
Interleukin 6 : Interleukin 6 is a cytokine involved in inflammation, immune regulation, and fever. Elevated IL-6 is associated with fever, vascular changes, and severe CRS.
Immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome : Immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome is a neurological toxicity that can follow immune effector cell therapy. It can occur alongside CRS after cellular immunotherapy, though the syndromes are distinct.
Sepsis : Sepsis is life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated response to infection. Sepsis can produce fever, shock, and inflammation that overlap clinically with CRS.
Biomarker : A biomarker is a measurable biological feature used to indicate a process, condition, or response to treatment. Researchers seek biomarkers that forecast CRS before severe symptoms develop.
Macrophage activation syndrome : Macrophage activation syndrome is a severe hyperinflammatory condition involving persistent activation of macrophages and other immune cells. It can resemble CRS clinically but has distinct diagnostic criteria and causes.
ASTCT consensus grading : ASTCT consensus grading is a clinical system for classifying the severity of CRS and related neurotoxicity after immune effector cell therapy. It grades CRS chiefly by fever, hypotension, and oxygen requirement.
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