Decolonisation of Africa

Decolonisation of Africa was the political process through which African territories ended European colonial rule and became independent states, chiefly from the 1950s through the 1970s.

World War II: A global war fought from 1939 to 1945 between the Allied powers and the Axis powers. The war weakened European empires and strengthened claims that colonial rule contradicted wartime promises of freedom.
African nationalism: Political movements seeking self-government and national sovereignty in Africa. It supplied the political programs and organizations that drove independence campaigns.
Congo Crisis: A political and military crisis in the Republic of the Congo from 1960 to 1965, shortly after independence. It reveals how independence could be followed by foreign intervention and internal conflict.
Scramble for Africa: The rapid European partition and colonization of most of Africa, especially from the 1880s to 1914. Colonial-era partition left borders that most newly independent states retained.
Pan-Africanism: A movement promoting solidarity and political cooperation among people of African descent. Its ideas and networks helped frame independence as a shared African project.
Nonviolent resistance: The use of protest, strikes, boycotts, and civil disobedience to oppose power without armed force. Some independence movements used mass noncooperation to pressure colonial authorities.
Kenyan independence: The 1963 transition of Kenya from British colonial rule to an independent state. Its path followed anticolonial organizing, the Mau Mau uprising, and constitutional negotiations.
Organization of African Unity: A continental organization founded in 1963 to promote African unity and cooperation among independent states. Its founding translated shared anticolonial commitments into intergovernmental cooperation.
Atlantic Charter: A 1941 joint declaration by Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill outlining principles for the postwar world. Its language of self-determination became a pointed reference for anticolonial advocates.
Guerrilla warfare: Irregular armed conflict in which smaller forces use mobility and local support against stronger opponents. Several liberation movements adopted it when colonial governments rejected negotiated change.

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