Deforestation in Indonesia

Deforestation in Indonesia is the loss and degradation of forests across the archipelago, driven by logging, agricultural expansion, fires, mining, and infrastructure.

Palm oil production in Indonesia: The cultivation and processing of oil palm in Indonesia, a major source of vegetable oil and export revenue. Oil-palm expansion has replaced forests, especially in Sumatra and Kalimantan.
Biodiversity of Indonesia: The variety of life and ecosystems across Indonesia’s islands, seas, and tropical forests. Forest conversion fragments habitats that sustain many endemic species.
Transmigration in Indonesia: An Indonesian government program that relocated people from densely populated islands to less populated regions. Resettlement and associated infrastructure expanded agricultural pressure in forested regions.
Forest degradation: A decline in a forest’s ecological condition that does not necessarily remove its tree cover entirely. Degradation can precede outright clearing and is not captured by deforestation alone.
Pulp and paper industry in Indonesia: Indonesia’s industry producing pulp and paper from wood, including fiber from industrial tree plantations. Demand for pulpwood has driven plantation expansion and forest conversion.
Orangutan conservation in Indonesia: Efforts to protect Indonesia’s orangutans and the forests they depend on. Clearing and fragmentation threaten orangutan habitat in Sumatra and Borneo.
Suharto: Indonesia’s president from 1967 to 1998, whose New Order government centralized political and economic power. New Order policies expanded commercial logging and plantation development.
Afforestation: The establishment of forest on land that has not recently been forested. Planting trees is not equivalent to retaining natural forest or reversing its ecological losses.
Illegal logging in Indonesia: The harvesting, transport, or sale of timber in Indonesia that violates applicable laws or permits. Unauthorized timber extraction weakens forest governance and can open forests to further clearing.
Southeast Asian haze: A recurring regional air-pollution episode caused largely by smoke from vegetation and peat fires in Southeast Asia. Indonesian land-clearing fires can send smoke across national borders.

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