Deindustrialization

Deindustrialization is the decline of manufacturing output or employment in an economy or region, often marked by factory closures and a shift toward services.

Automation: The use of machines or software to perform tasks with reduced human intervention. Automation can raise factory productivity while reducing demand for some kinds of industrial labor.
Rust Belt: A region of the United States associated with the decline of manufacturing industries and industrial cities. The Rust Belt is a prominent regional example of manufacturing decline and its aftermath.
Deindustrialization in the United States: The long-term decline of U.S. manufacturing employment and its changing geography since the mid-twentieth century. It illustrates how automation, trade, and regional shifts combined in a large national economy.
Reindustrialization: The renewed growth of industrial production or employment after a period of decline. It reverses the direction of deindustrialization, though not necessarily its earlier social effects.
Offshoring: The relocation of business activities to another country, often to reduce costs or access markets. Moving production abroad can reduce manufacturing employment in the places it leaves.
Urban decline: A prolonged weakening of a city’s population, economy, or built environment. Factory closures can erode the employment and tax base of industrial cities.
Deindustrialization in the United Kingdom: The contraction of British manufacturing and industrial employment, especially from the 1970s onward. Its rapid factory closures make it a distinct national case of industrial transformation.
Premature deindustrialization: A decline in manufacturing employment that begins at lower income levels than in earlier industrializers. It is a specific form of deindustrialization affecting economies before they become wealthy.
Import competition: Competition faced by domestic producers from goods made in other countries. Rising imports can displace domestic production and contribute to factory closures.
Long-term unemployment: Unemployment lasting for an extended period, commonly defined as six months or more. Workers displaced by industrial contraction may struggle to find comparable jobs for years.

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