Deng Xiaoping Theory

Deng Xiaoping Theory is the Chinese Communist Party’s guiding ideology centered on economic modernization, reform and opening, and adapting socialism to China’s conditions.

Socialism with Chinese Characteristics: The Chinese Communist Party’s framework for pursuing socialism according to China’s historical conditions and development goals. This phrase names the theory’s governing premise: socialism must fit China’s conditions.
Seek truth from facts: A principle that treats practical investigation and evidence as tests of political claims and policy. It underpins the theory’s preference for results over doctrinal purity.
Deng Xiaoping: A Chinese Communist revolutionary and leader who directed China’s reform and opening policies from the late 1970s. His political leadership and policy ideas gave the theory its name.
Jiang Zemin: A Chinese Communist Party leader who served as general secretary from 1989 to 2002 and president from 1993 to 2003. His leadership helped incorporate the theory into the Party’s official ideological framework.
Chinese economic growth: The long-term expansion of China’s economic output, especially rapid growth after the late 1970s. Reform policies associated with the theory helped enable decades of rapid expansion.
Four Cardinal Principles: Deng Xiaoping’s principles affirming the socialist path, people’s democratic dictatorship, Communist Party leadership, and Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought. They set political boundaries around the economic reforms associated with the theory.
Household responsibility system: A rural arrangement assigning farm output quotas to households, which could retain or sell surplus after meeting obligations. It shows how incentives could be introduced without immediately abolishing collective land ownership.
Mao Zedong: A Chinese Communist revolutionary who led the People’s Republic of China from its founding until 1976. The theory retained Party rule while shifting emphasis away from Mao-era class struggle.
Hu Jintao: A Chinese Communist Party leader who served as general secretary from 2002 to 2012 and president from 2003 to 2013. His era retained Deng’s theory among the Party’s guiding doctrines.
China's accession to the World Trade Organization: China’s entry into the World Trade Organization in 2001, integrating it further into global trade rules. Opening policies ultimately supported deeper participation in the world trading system.

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