Depression

Depression is a mental health disorder marked by persistent low mood or loss of interest, often accompanied by changes in sleep, energy, appetite, or concentration.

Major depressive disorder: A disorder involving depressive episodes that impair daily life and are not explained by manic or hypomanic episodes. This diagnosis describes recurrent or sustained episodes of the symptoms central to depression.
Patient Health Questionnaire-9: A nine-item self-report questionnaire used to screen for and monitor depressive symptoms. Its items track symptom changes commonly assessed in depression care.
Bipolar disorder: A mood disorder involving episodes of depression and mania or hypomania. A history of mania or hypomania distinguishes bipolar depression from unipolar depression.
Suicidal ideation: Thoughts about suicide, ranging from a wish to die to considering a specific plan. Depression can increase suicide risk, making assessment of these thoughts clinically important.
Depressive episode: A sustained period of depressive symptoms that meet clinical thresholds for duration and severity. Episodes organize how clinicians assess symptom timing, severity, and recurrence.
Beck Depression Inventory: A self-report scale that measures the severity of depressive symptoms. It provides a structured way to quantify symptoms over time.
Persistent depressive disorder: A chronic depressive disorder involving a depressed mood for at least two years in adults. Its long-lasting, often less intense course differs from episodic major depression.
Functional impairment: Difficulty carrying out everyday roles or activities because of a health condition. Depressive symptoms can disrupt work, study, relationships, and self-care.
Anhedonia: A reduced ability to experience interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed. Loss of interest or pleasure is one of depression’s defining symptoms.
Cognitive behavioral therapy: A structured psychotherapy that changes unhelpful patterns of thinking and behavior. It targets thought and behavior patterns that can maintain depressive symptoms.

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