Dexamethasone

Dexamethasone is a potent synthetic glucocorticoid that activates glucocorticoid receptors to reduce inflammation and suppress immune activity. Its long action and minimal mineralocorticoid effect distinguish it from many corticosteroids.

Glucocorticoid receptor: A steroid-activated transcription factor that regulates genes involved in metabolism, inflammation, and stress responses. Dexamethasone binds this receptor to alter inflammatory and immune gene expression.
Cerebral edema: Excess fluid accumulation in brain tissue that can raise intracranial pressure. Dexamethasone can reduce edema associated with brain tumors by decreasing vascular permeability.
Adrenal insufficiency: A condition in which the body cannot produce enough adrenal hormones for its needs. Prolonged dexamethasone can suppress adrenal function, making abrupt withdrawal hazardous.
Prednisone: An oral glucocorticoid prodrug converted in the liver to the active drug prednisolone. Prednisone is shorter acting and has more mineralocorticoid activity than dexamethasone.
Corticosteroid: A class of steroid hormones and medicines that includes glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Dexamethasone belongs to this drug and hormone family.
Glucocorticoid: A corticosteroid hormone or drug that regulates metabolism and helps control inflammation and immune activity. Dexamethasone is a synthetic member of this broader class.
Croup: A childhood respiratory illness marked by swelling around the larynx and a characteristic barking cough. A single dose of dexamethasone can reduce airway swelling and ease symptoms.
Osteoporosis: A skeletal disorder in which reduced bone strength increases fracture risk. Long-term glucocorticoid exposure, including dexamethasone, accelerates bone loss.
Methylprednisolone: A synthetic glucocorticoid used to treat inflammatory and immune-mediated conditions. Its intermediate duration and somewhat different potency can suit regimens where dexamethasone is not chosen.
Anti-inflammatory: An effect or treatment that reduces inflammation and its associated tissue changes. Reducing inflammatory signaling is a central therapeutic action of dexamethasone.

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