Knowra Diclofenac Diclofenac Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug used to relieve pain and reduce inflammation. It is available in oral, topical, and injectable forms.
Cyclooxygenase : Cyclooxygenase enzymes convert arachidonic acid into prostaglandin precursors. Diclofenac inhibits these enzymes, reducing production of pain- and inflammation-related prostaglandins.
Topical diclofenac : Topical diclofenac is diclofenac applied to the skin as a gel, solution, or patch. It can treat localized joint or soft-tissue pain while limiting systemic exposure compared with oral use.
Peptic ulcer : A peptic ulcer is an open sore in the stomach or upper small-intestinal lining. Reduced protective prostaglandins can raise the risk of ulcers and gastrointestinal bleeding during treatment.
Celecoxib : Celecoxib is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that selectively inhibits cyclooxygenase-2. Its greater COX-2 selectivity contrasts with diclofenac’s inhibition of both major cyclooxygenase forms.
Prostaglandin : Prostaglandins are lipid signaling molecules involved in inflammation, pain, fever, and other bodily functions. Lower prostaglandin levels explain much of diclofenac’s pain relief and its effects on the stomach and kidneys.
Osteoarthritis : Osteoarthritis is a joint disease involving cartilage loss, bone changes, and pain. Diclofenac is used to relieve osteoarthritis pain, including in topical formulations.
Acute kidney injury : Acute kidney injury is a sudden decline in kidney function over hours or days. Diclofenac can reduce kidney blood flow, especially in people with dehydration or pre-existing kidney disease.
Ibuprofen : Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug used for pain, fever, and inflammation. It is a common alternative with different dosing and comparative safety considerations.
Arachidonic acid pathway : The arachidonic acid pathway produces signaling molecules through enzymes including cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases. Diclofenac acts at the cyclooxygenase branch of this wider signaling pathway.
Rheumatoid arthritis : Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammatory joint damage. Diclofenac can reduce its pain and inflammation but does not stop the underlying disease process.
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