Differential

A gear mechanism that splits torque between driven wheels while allowing them to rotate at different speeds. It lets wheels follow different path lengths without forcing them to turn at the same rate.

Open differential: A differential that lets its two outputs rotate at different speeds while applying nearly equal torque to them. This common design uses a pinion-and-side-gear arrangement to permit cornering without binding.
Limited-slip differential: A differential that permits different output speeds but restricts their difference to improve traction. It addresses the open differential's tendency to lose useful drive when one wheel slips.
Automotive drivetrain: The system of components that transmits engine or motor power to a vehicle's wheels. A differential is a key part of the drivetrain between its power source and driven wheels.
Understeer: A vehicle response in which the front tires lose lateral grip before the rear tires, widening the turning path. Torque distribution from a differential can influence how strongly a powered vehicle understeers.
Differential pinion gear: A small bevel gear that meshes with differential side gears and allows relative rotation between outputs. These gears spin on their carrier when the driven wheels turn at different speeds.
Locking differential: A differential that can couple its outputs so driven wheels turn together. It sacrifices normal speed differentiation to maintain drive when traction is uneven.
Rear-wheel drive: A vehicle layout in which the rear wheels receive driving torque. A rear axle differential splits torque between the two driven rear wheels.
Oversteer: A vehicle response in which the rear tires lose lateral grip before the front tires, tightening the turning path. Differential behavior can affect how power changes rear-axle grip and yaw in a turn.
Differential side gear: A bevel gear connected to one axle shaft inside a differential. Each side gear transfers torque from the pinions to one driven wheel.
Welded differential: A differential whose internal gears are permanently fixed so both axle shafts rotate together. It removes the speed freedom that makes an ordinary differential suitable for road cornering.

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