Digital electronics

Digital electronics represents and processes information through discrete signal levels, usually binary values. Its circuits use logic gates and related components to perform operations and store data.

Logic gate: An electronic circuit that performs a Boolean operation on one or more input signals. Logic gates are the basic circuits that transform digital input levels into output levels.
Transistor: A semiconductor device that controls current and can amplify or switch electrical signals. Transistors act as the switches from which integrated digital logic is built.
Microprocessor: A programmable processor implemented as an integrated circuit that executes instructions. Microprocessors use digital circuits to carry out general-purpose computation.
Analog electronics: The branch of electronics that processes signals varying continuously over a range of values. Analog circuits represent changing quantities continuously rather than with discrete logic levels.
Boolean algebra: A mathematical system for expressions involving true and false values and operations such as AND, OR, and NOT. It provides the rules used to describe and simplify digital logic.
MOSFET: A field-effect transistor whose channel conductivity is controlled by an electric field. MOSFETs are the dominant switching devices in modern digital integrated circuits.
Microcontroller: An integrated circuit combining a processor core, memory, and peripheral interfaces for embedded control. Microcontrollers apply digital logic to dedicated control tasks.
Analog-to-digital converter: A circuit that converts a continuous input signal into a sequence of digital values. It forms the boundary where analog measurements enter digital processing.
Flip-flop (electronics): A bistable circuit that stores one bit of information and changes state in response to control signals. Flip-flops add memory to circuits built from combinational logic.
Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor: A circuit technology that pairs p-type and n-type MOSFETs to implement low-power logic. CMOS is the standard technology behind most modern digital chips.

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