Dignāga

Dignāga was an Indian Buddhist philosopher whose works shaped Buddhist logic and epistemology. He developed a theory of perception and inference and a systematic account of valid cognition.

Pramāṇa: A means of reliable knowledge in Indian philosophy, commonly including perception and inference. Dignāga organized his epistemology around two means of valid cognition.
Trairūpya: Dignāga’s three conditions for a sound inferential sign. These conditions specify when a reason establishes its conclusion.
Vasubandhu: An influential Indian Buddhist philosopher associated with Yogācāra and Abhidharma traditions. Dignāga is traditionally presented as a student in Vasubandhu’s intellectual lineage.
Buddhist logic: A tradition of formal reasoning and epistemology developed by Buddhist philosophers in India and beyond. Dignāga is one of the tradition’s principal founders.
Perception (Buddhist epistemology): In Buddhist epistemology, direct, nonconceptual awareness of a particular. Dignāga treats perception as one of only two sources of valid knowledge.
Dignāga's Wheel of Reason: A scheme classifying inferential signs by their presence or absence across cases. The wheel organizes how signs relate to similar and dissimilar cases.
Nyāya: An Indian philosophical school known for its analysis of logic, knowledge, and debate. Dignāga’s Buddhist account of inference developed amid engagement with Nyāya methods.
Buddhist epistemology: The study of knowledge and valid cognition in Buddhist philosophical traditions. His two-source account became a central framework within this tradition.
Inference (Buddhist epistemology): Reasoning from a sign to an unobserved property or conclusion in Buddhist epistemology. Dignāga explains inference as the other valid means of knowledge.
Vyāpti: The invariable concomitance between a reason and the property it establishes in Indian inference. Dignāga’s sign theory addresses the relation that makes inference dependable.

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