Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire

The political decline and territorial breakup of the Ottoman Empire, culminating in the abolition of the sultanate in 1922 and the proclamation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923.

Ottoman entry into World War I: The Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers in World War I in 1914, opening campaigns across several fronts. Defeat in the war left the empire exposed to occupation and partition.
Eastern Question: The Eastern Question was the diplomatic struggle over the future of Ottoman territories as imperial power declined. European powers' competing claims shaped the empire's territorial losses and reforms.
Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate: The Turkish Grand National Assembly abolished the Ottoman sultanate on 1 November 1922. This ended the dynasty's political rule before the republic was proclaimed.
Treaty of Sèvres: The 1920 peace treaty imposed on the Ottoman government proposed extensive territorial losses and restrictions on its sovereignty. Its provisions were rejected and displaced by a settlement negotiated after nationalist military victories.
Arab Revolt: The 1916–1918 uprising against Ottoman rule in the Hejaz and elsewhere was led by Sharif Hussein's sons with British support. The revolt weakened Ottoman control in Arab provinces during the war.
Greek War of Independence: The 1821–1830 revolt established an independent Greek state after a war against Ottoman rule. It showed how nationalist revolt could detach a province from the empire.
Population exchange between Greece and Turkey: The 1923 convention between Greece and Turkey mandated the compulsory exchange of most Greek Orthodox and Muslim populations between them. The new borders were accompanied by mass displacement and demographic change.
Treaty of Lausanne: The 1923 treaty recognized the boundaries and sovereignty of the Republic of Turkey and replaced the Treaty of Sèvres. It established terms substantially different from the earlier partition plan.
Armistice of Mudros: The October 1918 armistice ended Ottoman participation in World War I and permitted Allied occupation of strategic sites. Its terms made military occupation possible before a peace treaty was signed.
Tanzimat: The Tanzimat was a program of Ottoman administrative, legal, and military reforms carried out from 1839 to 1876. Reformers sought to strengthen the state against internal unrest and foreign pressure.

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