DNA sequencing

DNA sequencing determines the order of nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule. Different methods read DNA by detecting chain termination, fluorescent signals, or changes in electrical or optical properties.

Sanger sequencing: A DNA sequencing method that uses chain-terminating nucleotides to produce fragments of different lengths. Its chain-termination chemistry established a durable method for reading individual DNA fragments.
Nucleotide: A molecular unit made of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. Sequencing distinguishes the order of nucleotide bases along DNA.
Genome sequencing: The sequencing of an organism's entire genome or a defined large portion of it. It applies base-order determination across broad genomic regions.
DNA microarray: A technology that measures selected DNA sequences through hybridization to probes fixed on a surface. Unlike sequencing, it tests predefined variants rather than reading base order broadly.
Human Genome Project: An international research effort that produced a reference sequence for much of the human genome. Its completion demonstrated the scale and coordination required for large-scale sequencing.
Illumina sequencing: A massively parallel sequencing method that identifies bases through fluorescent signals during DNA synthesis. Sequencing-by-synthesis produces millions of short reads in parallel.
DNA: A molecule that stores hereditary information in cells and many viruses, usually as two complementary strands. DNA is the molecule whose base order sequencing determines.
Exome sequencing: A method that sequences the protein-coding regions of a genome, collectively called the exome. It focuses sequencing on regions enriched for disease-associated variants.
Restriction fragment length polymorphism: A genetic analysis method that detects variation through differences in DNA fragment lengths after restriction digestion. It distinguishes patterns of fragments without determining their full base sequences.
Personal genomics: The analysis of an individual's genetic information for ancestry, traits, health, or research. Accessible sequencing and genotyping brought genomic data into personal decision-making.

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