Dominican War of Independence

The 1844 conflict in which Dominican forces ended Haitian rule and established the independence of the Dominican Republic.

La Trinitaria: A secret society founded in 1838 to organize Dominican independence from Haitian rule. Its members planned the movement that launched the 1844 separation.
Treaty of Basel: The 1795 agreement in which Spain ceded its part of Hispaniola to France. The transfer set in motion the island's shifting sovereignty before Haitian unification.
Francisco del Rosario Sánchez: A Dominican lawyer and independence leader who helped proclaim the republic in 1844. He helped organize the uprising while Duarte was in exile.
First Dominican Republic: The Dominican state established in 1844 and ended by Spanish annexation in 1861. The war created this republic, whose institutions and sovereignty remained contested.
Juan Pablo Duarte: A Dominican independence leader who helped found La Trinitaria and articulated a vision of national sovereignty. His organizing and republican ideas helped shape the independence movement.
Haitian Revolution: A revolution from 1791 to 1804 that ended French colonial rule and established Haiti. Its outcome created the independent state that later governed the whole island.
Matías Ramón Mella: A Dominican independence leader and military commander associated with the 1844 revolt. His role in the independence proclamation linked political organizing to armed action.
Dominican Constitution of 1844: The first constitution of the Dominican Republic, adopted in November 1844. It formalized the new state but also empowered President Pedro Santana.
Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo: The rule of the entire island of Hispaniola by Haiti from 1822 to 1844. The occupation was the political order Dominican insurgents sought to end.
Spanish reconquest of Santo Domingo: The 1809 restoration of Spanish rule in Santo Domingo after a revolt against France. It preceded the brief independence that came before Haitian rule.

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