Doping in sport

Doping in sport is the use of prohibited substances or methods to enhance athletic performance, contrary to competition rules. It includes both drug use and certain techniques that alter the body or its capacities.

Anabolic steroids: Synthetic substances related to testosterone that promote muscle growth and can increase strength. They are used to increase muscle mass and recovery, especially in strength-based sports.
Tom Simpson: A British cyclist who died during the 1967 Tour de France after using amphetamines and alcohol. His death intensified calls for stronger controls on drug use in cycling.
Dick Pound: A Canadian lawyer and sports administrator who was the first president of the World Anti-Doping Agency. He helped establish and lead the international institution coordinating anti-doping policy.
Athlete Biological Passport: A longitudinal record of an athlete's biological markers used to identify effects of doping. It can reveal suspicious physiological changes even when a specific substance is not detected.
Sports ethics: The study of moral questions raised by sport, including fairness, harm, and competition. Doping tests where competitive advantage ends and unfair or harmful conduct begins.
Erythropoietin: A hormone that stimulates red blood cell production and is also used as a performance-enhancing drug. Higher red blood cell counts can improve oxygen delivery during endurance exercise.
1968 Summer Olympics: The Olympic Games held in Mexico City, where the first Olympic doping tests were conducted. Their tests marked the start of routine anti-doping controls at the Olympics.
Michele Ferrari: An Italian physician associated with elite cycling and convicted in Italy for sporting fraud and abuse of medical practice. His work became a prominent example of medical expertise entangled with doping.
Doping test: A sample-based procedure that tests athletes for prohibited substances or their markers. It is the most visible means of detecting violations under anti-doping rules.
Fair play: A sporting ideal of respecting rules, opponents, and the shared conditions of competition. Doping undermines the expectation that results reflect athletic performance under common rules.

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